izindaba

I-Graphene Material

I-graphene iyinto eyingqayizivele eyakhiwe ungqimba olulodwa lwama-athomu ekhabhoni. Ibonisa ukusebenza kukagesi okuphezulu kakhulu, ifinyelela ku-10⁶ S/m—izikhathi ezingu-15 kunethusi—okuyenza ibe yinto ekwazi ukumelana nogesi okuphansi kakhulu eMhlabeni. Idatha iphinde ibonise ukuthi ukuqhutshwa kwayo kungafinyelela ku-1515.2 S/cm. Emkhakheni wezinto ze-polymer, i-graphene ibamba amandla amakhulu wokusebenzisa.

Uma ihlanganiswa njengesengezo sokusebenza okuphezulu ezintweni ze-polymer, i-graphene ithuthukisa kakhulu ukuqhutshwa kukagesi nokumelana nokugqoka. Ukwengeza i-graphene kukhulisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwezinto, iletha ukusebenza okuvelele kumishini kagesi, amabhethri, nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifanayo. Amandla ayo aphezulu aphinde athuthukise izakhiwo zemishini yezinto zokwakha ze-polymer, okuyenza ifanele imikhakha edinga amandla aphezulu njenge-aerospace kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezimoto.

Izinhlanganisela Ze-Carbon Fiber Ezisebenza Kakhulu

I-Carbon fiber iyinto elula njengophaphe kodwa iqine njengensimbi, ebambe isikhundla esibalulekile kukwakheka kwezwe. Isebenzisa ukuminyana kwayo okuphansi namandla aphezulu, i-carbon fiber ithola ukusetshenziswa okubalulekile kukho kokubili ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto kanye ne-aerospace.

Emkhiqizweni wezimoto, isetshenziselwa amafreyimu omzimba kanye nokwakhiwa kwezingxenye, ukuthuthukisa amandla emoto jikelele ngenkathi kunciphisa isisindo futhi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli. Emkhathini, isebenza njengento efanelekile yezingxenye zesakhiwo sendiza, yehlisa ngempumelelo isisindo sendiza, yehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, futhi ithuthukisa ukusebenza kwendiza.

Izinto Ezithuthukisiwe Ze-Semiconductor

Esikhathini sanamuhla sokuthuthuka okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe bolwazi, kunesidingo esinamandla sokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe kuyo yonke imikhakha. Imboni yokukhiqiza ama-elekthronikhi ikhombisa isidingo esigqame kakhulu nesikhula njalo sezinto ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ze-semiconductor. Njengesisekelo esiyinhloko sobuchwepheshe besimanje be-elekthronikhi, ikhwalithi yezinto zokwakha ze-semiconductor inquma ngokuqondile isivinini sokusebenza, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokusebenza kwezinto zikagesi.

Kuleveli ye-microscopic, izici ezifana nezakhiwo zikagesi, ukwakheka kwekristalu, nokuqukethwe okungcolile kuthinta kakhulu ukusebenza kwedivayisi ye-elekthronikhi. Isibonelo, izinto zokwakha ze-semiconductor ezinokuhamba okuphezulu kwenkampani yenethiwekhi zinika amandla ukunyakaza kwama-electron ngokushesha, kukhuphula isivinini sekhompyutha. Izakhiwo zekristalu ezihlanzekile zinciphisa ukuhlakazeka kwama-electron, zithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokusebenza.

Ezisetshenziswa ezingokoqobo, lezi zinto ezisebenza kahle ze-semiconductor zakha isisekelo sokukhiqiza ngokushesha, izisetshenziswa zikagesi ezisebenza kahle njengama-smartphone, ama-computer processors, nama-chips okuxhumana anesivinini esikhulu. Ivumela ukwenziwa okuncane nokusebenza okuphezulu kwemishini kagesi, okuvumela amamojula asebenzayo amaningi ukuthi ahlanganiswe ngaphakathi kwesikhala esilinganiselwe. Lokhu kusiza ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi yokubala nokucutshungulwa, ukuhlangabezana nesidingo esikhula njalo sokutholwa nokucubungula ulwazi. Izinto ze-resin ezihlobene nokukhiqizwa kwe-semiconductor zidinga ukunakwa.

Izinto Zokuphrinta ze-3D

Ukusuka ezinsimbi kuye kumapulasitiki, ukuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D kuncike ekusekelweni kwezinto ezihlukahlukene, ngalezi zinto ezibamba ukusetshenziswa okubanzi nokubaluleka okubalulekile emkhakheni wezinto ze-polymer.

Izinto zensimbi ekuphrinteni kwe-3D zisetshenziselwa ukwakha izingxenye ezidinga amandla aphezulu nokunemba, njengezingxenye zenjini endaweni yendiza kanye nezifakelo zensimbi kumishini yezokwelapha. Izinto zepulasitiki, ezinezakhiwo zazo ezihlukene kanye nokucutshungulwa kalula kwazo, zithole ukusetshenziswa okubanzi nakakhulu ekuphrinteni kwe-3D.

Izinto ze-polymer zakha ingxenye ebalulekile yezinto zokuphrinta ze-3D, zivula amathuba amakhulu obuchwepheshe. Ama-polymers akhethekile ane-biocompatibility enhle kakhulu anika amandla ukuphrinta ama-scaffold ezicubu ze-bioengineered. Amanye ama-polymers anezakhiwo ezihlukile zokubuka noma zikagesi, ahlangabezana nezidingo ezithile zohlelo lokusebenza. I-Thermoplastics, encibilikisiwe ngokushisisa, ivumela ukubekwa kwesendlalelo ngesendlalelo ukuze kwenziwe ngokushesha imimo eyinkimbinkimbi, ibenze basetshenziswe kabanzi ekufanekiseni umkhiqizo kanye nokwenza ngokwezifiso komuntu siqu.

Lokhu kusekelwa kwezinto okuhlukahlukene kwenza ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D bukwazi ukukhetha izinto ezifanele zokukhiqiza ngokusekelwe ezidingweni ezihlukahlukene, okwenza ukukhiqizwa okudingekayo kube ngokoqobo. Noma ngabe okokwenza izingxenye ngendlela oyifisayo ekukhiqizeni izimboni noma ukukhiqiza imishini yezokwelapha yomuntu siqu ekunakekelweni kwezempilo, ukuphrinta kwe-3D kusebenzisa izinsiza zakhona ezibanzi ukuze kufezwe ukukhiqiza okuphumelelayo, okunembayo, okuqhuba izinguquko eziguquguqukayo emikhakheni eyahlukene.

I-Superconducting Materials

Njengezinto ezinezinto ezibonakalayo eziyingqayizivele, ama-superconductors abambe isikhundla esibaluleke kakhulu kwisayensi yezinto zokwakha, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni ezibandakanya ukuhanjiswa kwamanje kagesi kanye nezenzakalo ze-electromagnetic. Isici esiphawuleka kakhulu sezinto zokwenziwa kwe-superconducting yikhono labo lokuqhuba amandla kagesi ngokumelana ne-zero ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Lesi sakhiwo sinikeza ama-superconductors amandla amakhulu okusetshenziswa emkhakheni wokudlulisa amandla.

Ezinqubweni zokudlulisa amandla ezivamile, ukumelana okukhona kuma-conductor kubangela ukulahlekelwa kwamandla okuphawulekayo ngendlela yokushisa. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokwenziwa kwe-superconducting kuthembisa ukuguqula lesi simo. Uma kusetshenziswa izintambo zokudluliswa kwamandla, amandla ageleza kuwo ngaphandle kwezihibe, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kwamandla kagesi cishe angekho. Lokhu kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokudlulisela, kunciphisa ukumosheka kwamandla, futhi kunciphisa umthelela wendawo.

Izinto ze-Superconducting nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile kwezokuthutha kazibuthe. Izitimela ze-Maglev zisebenzisa amandla kazibuthe akhiqizwa izinto ze-superconducting ukuze zihlangane nezizibuthe kuthrekhi, zivumela isitimela ukuthi sihambe futhi sisebenze ngesivinini esikhulu. Impahla yokumelana ne-zero yezinto zokwakha i-superconducting iqinisekisa isizukulwane esizinzile nokugcinwa kwezindawo kazibuthe, ihlinzeka nge-levitation engaguquki kanye namandla okuqhubela phambili. Lokhu kuvumela izitimela ukuthi zihambe ngesivinini esiphezulu ngokusebenza okushelelayo, okushintsha ngokuyisisekelo izindlela zokuhamba ezivamile.

Amathemba okufaka isicelo sezinto zokwenziwa kwe-superconducting abanzi kakhulu. Ngaphandle komthelela wazo obalulekile ekudluliselweni kwamandla nasezintweni zokuhamba kazibuthe, zibamba inani elingaba khona kweminye imikhakha efana nobuchwepheshe be-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) emishinini yezokwelapha nezisheshisi zezinhlayiyana ocwaningweni lwe-physics yamandla aphezulu.

I-Smart Bionic Materials

Emkhakheni omkhulu wesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo, kukhona isigaba esikhethekile sezinto ezilingisa izakhiwo zebhayoloji ezitholakala endalweni, ezibonisa izici ezimangalisayo. Lezi zinto zibamba ukubaluleka okukhulu ngaphakathi komkhakha wezinto ze-polymer. Bangakwazi ukusabela ezinguqukweni zemvelo, ukuzilungisa, ngisho nokuzihlanza.

Izinto ezithile ze-polymer ezihlakaniphile zinezici ezilingisa izakhiwo zebhayoloji. Isibonelo, amanye ama-polymer hydrogel athola ugqozi lwesakhiwo ku-matrix engaphandle kweseli etholakala ezicutshini zebhayoloji. Lawa ma-hydrogel angakwazi ukuzwa izinguquko zomswakama endaweni yawo: lapho umswakama uncipha, ayancipha ukuze anciphise ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi; futhi inwebe ukuze imunce umswakama lapho umswakama ukhuphuka, ngaleyo ndlela isabela emazingeni omswakamo wendawo.

Mayelana nokuziphilisa, izinto ezithile ze-polymeric eziqukethe amabhondi amakhemikhali akhethekile noma ama-microstructures angazilungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ngemva kokulimala. Isibonelo, ama-polymer anamabhondi ashukumisayo angakwazi ukuhlela kabusha lawa mabhondi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile lapho kuvela ukuqhekeka kwendawo, epholisa umonakalo futhi abuyisele ubuqotho nokusebenza kwempahla.

Ngokusebenza kokuzihlanza, izinto ezithile ze-polymeric zifinyelela lokhu ngezakhiwo ezikhethekile zendawo noma ukuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali. Isibonelo, ezinye izinto zokugqoka ze-polymeric zifaka izakhiwo ezincane ezifana namaqabunga e-lotus. Lesi sakhiwo esincane senza amaconsi amanzi enze ubuhlalu ebusweni bento futhi agiqeke ngokushesha, ngesikhathi esifanayo esusa uthuli nokungcola, ngaleyo ndlela azuze umphumela wokuzihlanza.

Izinto Ezingaboli

Emphakathini wanamuhla, izinselele zemvelo zinzima, nokungcoliswa okungapheli okusongela izimiso zemvelo. Ngaphakathi kwenkundla yezinto zokwakha,izinto ezibolayobathole ukunakwa okubalulekile njengezixazululo ezisimeme, ezibonisa izinzuzo eziyingqayizivele kanye nenani elikhulu lesicelo, ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kwendawo yezinto ze-polymeric.

Emkhakheni wezokwelapha, izinto ezibolayo zidlala indima ebalulekile. Isibonelo, izintambo ezisetshenziselwa ukuvala amanxeba ngokuvamile zenziwe ngezinto ze-polymer ezibolayo. Lezi zinto ziyancipha kancane kancane ngesikhathi sokuphulukiswa kwesilonda, ziqede isidingo sokususwa nokunciphisa ukungaphatheki kahle kwesiguli kanye nezingozi zokutheleleka.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-polymers angaboli asetshenziswa kakhulu kubunjiniyela bezicubu nasezinhlelweni zokulethwa kwezidakamizwa. Zisebenza njengama-scaffolds amaselula, zinikeza ukwesekwa kwesakhiwo sokukhula kwamangqamuzana nokulungiswa kwezicubu. Lezi zinto ezisetshenziswayo ziwohloka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngaphandle kokushiya izinsalela emzimbeni, ngaleyo ndlela zigweme izingozi ezingase zibe yingozi empilweni.

Emkhakheni wokupakisha, izinto ezibolayo zinamandla amakhulu wokufaka isicelo. Ukupakishwa kwepulasitiki evamile kunzima ukukwehlisa, okuholela ekungcoleni okumhlophe okuqhubekayo. Imikhiqizo yokupakisha eyenziwe ngama-polymers angaboli, njengezikhwama zepulasitiki namabhokisi, kancane kancane ibola ibe izinto ezingenabungozi ngokusebenzisa isenzo se-microbial endaweni yemvelo ngemva kokusetshenziswa, kunciphisa ukungcola okuqhubekayo. Isibonelo, izinto zokupakisha ze-polylactic acid (PLA) zinikeza izakhiwo ezinhle zomshini nezokucubungula ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo eziyisisekelo zokupakisha ngenkathi zibola, zizenze zibe enye indlela ekahle.

I-Nanomatadium

Ekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo kwesayensi yezinto, ama-nanomatadium avele njengendawo yocwaningo ne-application hotspot ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo ezihlukile kanye nekhono lokusebenzisa izinto ngesilinganiso esincane. Baphinde babambe isikhundla esibalulekile ngaphakathi kwensimu yezinto ze-polymer. Ngokulawula izinto ku-nanoscale, lezi zinsiza zibonisa izakhiwo ezihlukile ezilungele ukwenza umnikelo obalulekile kwezokwelapha, amandla, nezinto zikagesi.

Emkhakheni wezokwelapha, izakhiwo eziyingqayizivele zama-nanomaterials ziveza amathuba amasha okuxilongwa nokwelashwa kwezifo. Isibonelo, izinto ezithile ze-nanopolymer zingakhiwa njengezimoto eziqondiswe ekuletheni izidakamizwa. Lezi zinkampani ezithwala imithi ziletha imishanguzo kumangqamuzana agulayo, zithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokwelapha kuyilapho zinciphisa ukulimala kwezicubu ezinempilo. Ukwengeza, ama-nanomatadium asetshenziswa ekucabangeni kwezokwelapha-ama-agent ahlukile we-nanoscale, isibonelo, athuthukisa ukucaca kwesithombe nokunemba, esiza odokotela ekuxilongweni kwesifo okunembe kakhudlwana.

Emkhakheni wamandla, ama-nanomatadium ngokufanayo akhombisa amandla amakhulu. Thatha ama-polymer nanocomposites, isibonelo, athola ukusetshenziswa kubuchwepheshe bebhethri. Ukufaka ama-nanomaterials kungakhuphula ukuminyana kwamandla ebhethri kanye nokusebenza kahle kokushaja/ukukhipha, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukise ukusebenza kukonke. Kumaseli elanga, ama-nanomaterials athile angathuthukisa ukumuncwa kokukhanya nokusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa, kukhuphule umthamo wokukhiqiza amandla wamadivayisi we-photovoltaic.

Izicelo zama-nanomatadium nazo zikhula ngokushesha kuma-electronics. Izinto ze-polymer ze-Nanoscale zinika amandla ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ezincane, ezisebenza kakhulu. Isibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwama-nanotransistors kuvumela ukuhlanganiswa okukhulu nokusebenza ngokushesha kumadivayisi kagesi. Ukwengeza, ama-nanomatadium asiza ekwakhiweni kwama-elekthronikhi aguquguqukayo, ahlangabezana nezidingo ezikhulayo zemishini kagesi ephathekayo negobekayo.

Ngokufigqiwe

ukuthuthukiswa kwalezi zinsiza ngeke kuqhubekisele phambili ukuqanjwa kabusha kwezobuchwepheshe kodwa kuzonikeza namathuba amasha okubhekana nezinselele zomhlaba wonke kumandla, imvelo, kanye nempilo.