izindaba

Izinto zeGraphene

I-Graphene iyinto eyingqayizivele eyakhiwe ungqimba olulodwa lwama-athomu e-carbon. Ibonisa ukuqhutshwa kukagesi okuphezulu kakhulu, okufinyelela ku-10⁶ S/m—okuphindwe kayishumi nanhlanu kunethusi—okwenza ibe yinto enokumelana kukagesi okuphansi kakhulu eMhlabeni. Idatha iphinde ikhombise ukuthi ukuqhutshwa kwayo kungafinyelela ku-1515.2 S/cm. Emkhakheni wezinto ze-polymer, i-graphene inamandla amakhulu okusetshenziswa.

Uma ifakwa njengesithasiselo esisebenza kahle ezintweni ze-polymer, i-graphene ithuthukisa kakhulu ukuhanjiswa kukagesi kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka. Ukwengeza i-graphene kukhulisa kakhulu ukuhanjiswa kwezinto, okuletha ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu kumadivayisi kagesi, amabhethri, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifanayo. Amandla ayo aphezulu athuthukisa nezakhiwo zemishini zezinto ze-polymer, okwenza ifaneleke emikhakheni edingeka kakhulu njengokukhiqiza izindiza kanye nezimoto.

Izinhlanganisela ze-Carbon Fiber ezisebenza kahle kakhulu

I-carbon fiber iyinto elula njengophaphe kodwa iqine njengensimbi, ibambe indawo ebalulekile endaweni yezinto zokwakha. Isebenzisa ubuningi bayo obuphansi namandla ayo aphezulu, i-carbon fiber isetshenziswa kakhulu kokubili ekukhiqizweni kwezimoto kanye nasezindiza.

Ekwenzeni izimoto, isetshenziselwa ukwakheka kwezinhlaka zomzimba kanye nokwakhiwa kwezingxenye, ithuthukisa amandla emoto iyonke ngenkathi inciphisa isisindo futhi ithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli. Endizeni, isebenza njengento efanelekile yezingxenye zesakhiwo sendiza, inciphisa ngempumelelo isisindo sendiza, yehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, futhi ithuthukisa ukusebenza kwendiza.

Izinto Ezithuthukisiwe Ze-Semiconductor

Enkathini yanamuhla yokuthuthuka okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe bolwazi, kunesidingo esikhulu sokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe kuzo zonke izinhlaka. Imboni yokukhiqiza izinto zikagesi ibonisa isidingo esivelele nesikhula njalo sezinto ze-semiconductor ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Njengesisekelo esiyinhloko sobuchwepheshe besimanje be-elekthronikhi, ikhwalithi yezinto ze-semiconductor inquma ngqo isivinini sokusebenza, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokusebenza kwamadivayisi kagesi.

Ezingeni elincane kakhulu, izici ezifana nezakhiwo zikagesi, isakhiwo sekristalu, kanye nokuqukethwe kokungcola kuthinta kakhulu ukusebenza kwedivayisi kagesi. Isibonelo, izinto ze-semiconductor ezinokunyakaza okuphezulu kwenkampani zivumela ukunyakaza kwama-electron okusheshayo, okukhulisa isivinini sokubala. Izakhiwo zekristalu ezihlanzekile zinciphisa ukuhlakazeka kwama-electron, okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle.

Ezinhlelweni ezisebenzayo, lezi zinto ze-semiconductor ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zakha isisekelo sokukhiqiza amadivayisi kagesi asheshayo nasebenza kahle kakhulu njengama-smartphone, ama-computer processors, kanye nama-chip okuxhumana asheshayo. Zenza kube lula ukwenza amadivayisi kagesi abe mancane futhi asebenze kahle kakhulu, okuvumela amamojula amaningi asebenzayo ukuthi ahlanganiswe ngaphakathi kwesikhala esilinganiselwe. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi yokubala nokucubungula eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, okuhlangabezana nesidingo esikhulayo sokuthola ulwazi kanye nokucutshungulwa. Izinto ze-resin ezihlobene nokukhiqizwa kwe-semiconductor zidinga ukunakwa.

Izinto Zokuphrinta ze-3D

Kusukela ezinsimbini kuya kwepulasitiki, intuthuko yobuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D incike ekusekelweni kwezinto ezahlukahlukene, lezi zinto zibamba ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kanye nokubaluleka okukhulu emkhakheni wezinto ze-polymer.

Izinto zensimbi ekunyatheliseni kwe-3D zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izingxenye ezidinga amandla aphezulu nokunemba, njengezingxenye zenjini ezindiza kanye nokufakelwa kwensimbi kumadivayisi ezokwelapha. Izinto zepulasitiki, ngezakhiwo zazo ezahlukahlukene kanye nokulula kokucutshungulwa, zithole ukusetshenziswa okubanzi nakakhulu ekunyatheliseni kwe-3D.

Izinto ze-polymer zakha ingxenye ebalulekile yezinto zokunyathelisa ze-3D, zivula amathuba amakhulu obuchwepheshe. Ama-polymer akhethekile anokuhambisana okuhle kakhulu kwezinto eziphilayo avumela ukunyatheliswa kwezicafu zezicubu eziklanywe nge-bioengineering. Amanye ama-polymer anezakhiwo ezihlukile zokukhanya noma zikagesi, ezihlangabezana nezidingo ezithile zohlelo lokusebenza. Ama-thermoplastic, ancibilikiswa ngokushisa, avumela ukufakwa kwengqimba ngengqimba ukuze kwenziwe ngokushesha izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi, okwenza zisetshenziswe kabanzi ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo kanye nokwenza ngokwezifiso komuntu siqu.

Lokhu kusekelwa kwezinto ezihlukahlukene kwenza ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D bukwazi ukukhetha izinto ezifanele zokukhiqiza ngokusekelwe ezidingweni ezahlukahlukene, okwenza ukukhiqizwa okudingekayo kube ngokoqobo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukwenza ngezifiso izingxenye ekukhiqizeni kwezimboni noma ukukhiqiza amadivayisi ezokwelapha enziwe ngokwezifiso ekunakekelweni kwezempilo, ukuphrinta kwe-3D kusebenzisa izinsiza zayo eziningi ukuze kufezwe ukukhiqizwa okusebenzayo nokunembile, okuqhuba izinguquko ezinkulu emikhakheni eyahlukahlukene.

Izinto Zokuphatha I-Superconducting

Njengezinto ezinezici zomzimba ezihlukile, ama-superconductor aphethe isikhundla esibaluleke kakhulu kwisayensi yezinto, ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni okubandakanya ukudluliswa kwamanje kagesi kanye nezenzakalo ze-electromagnetic. Isici esiphawuleka kakhulu sezinto ezisebenzisa i-superconductor yikhono lazo lokuqhuba ugesi ngaphandle kokumelana ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Lesi sici sinikeza ama-superconductor amandla amakhulu okusetshenziswa emkhakheni wokudluliswa kwamandla.

Ezinqubweni zokudlulisa amandla ezivamile, ukumelana okukhona kuma-conductor kuholela ekulahlekelweni kwamandla okukhulu ngesimo sokushisa. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezisebenzisa i-superconducting kuthembisa ukuguqula lesi simo. Uma kusetshenziswa emigqeni yokudlulisa amandla, ugesi ugeleza kuwo ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kwamandla kagesi cishe ngokuphelele. Lokhu kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokudlulisa, kunciphisa imfucuza yamandla, futhi kunciphisa umthelela emvelweni.

Izinto zokuphatha i-superconducting nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthweni kwe-magnetic levitation. Izitimela ze-Maglev zisebenzisa amasimu anamandla kazibuthe akhiqizwa izinto zokuphatha i-superconducting ukuze zisebenzisane namasimu kazibuthe asemgwaqweni, okwenza isitimela sikwazi ukukhuphuka futhi sisebenze ngesivinini esiphezulu. Impahla yezinto zokuphatha i-superconducting engemihle iqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa okuzinzile nokugcinwa kwamasimu kazibuthe, okuhlinzeka ngamandla okudonsa kanye nokunyakaza aqhubekayo. Lokhu kuvumela izitimela ukuthi zihambe ngesivinini esiphezulu ngokusebenza okubushelelezi, okuguqula ngokuyisisekelo izindlela zokuhamba zendabuko.

Amathemba okusetshenziswa kwezinto zokulawula amandla amakhulu abanzi kakhulu. Ngaphandle komthelela wazo obalulekile ekudlulisweni kwamandla kanye nokuthuthwa kwe-magnetic levitation, zinamandla amakhulu kwezinye izinkambu ezifana nobuchwepheshe be-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) emishinini yezokwelapha kanye nezisheshisi zezinhlayiya ocwaningweni lwe-physics olunamandla aphezulu.

Izinto Ezihlakaniphile Ze-Bionic

Ngaphakathi kwendawo enkulu yesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo, kukhona uhlobo olukhethekile lwezinto ezibonakalayo olulingisa izakhiwo zezinto eziphilayo ezitholakala emvelweni, olubonisa izakhiwo ezimangalisayo. Lezi zinto zibaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wezinto ze-polymer. Zingasabela ezinguqukweni zemvelo, ekuzilungiseni, ngisho nasekuzihlanzeni.

Izinto ezithile ze-polymer ezihlakaniphile zinezici ezilingisa izakhiwo zezinto eziphilayo. Isibonelo, amanye ama-hydrogel e-polymer athola ugqozi lwesakhiwo kusuka ku-matrix yangaphandle etholakala ezicutshini zezinto eziphilayo. Lawa ma-hydrogel angezwa izinguquko zomswakama endaweni yawo: lapho umswakama wehla, ayancipha ukuze anciphise ukulahleka kwamanzi; futhi anwebe ukuze amunce umswakama lapho umswakama ukhuphuka, ngaleyo ndlela aphendule emazingeni omswakama wendawo.

Ngokuphathelene nokuziphilisa, izinto ezithile ze-polymeric eziqukethe izibopho zamakhemikhali ezikhethekile noma izakhiwo ezincane zingakwazi ukuzilungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ngemva komonakalo. Isibonelo, ama-polymer anezibopho ze-covalent ezinamandla angahlela kabusha lezi zibopho ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile lapho kuvela imifantu ebusweni, ephulukisa umonakalo futhi abuyisele ubuqotho nokusebenza kwezinto.

Ukuze kusebenze ukuzihlanza, izinto ezithile ze-polymeric zifeza lokhu ngezakhiwo ezikhethekile zobuso noma ukuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali. Isibonelo, ezinye izinto ze-polymeric coating zinezakhiwo ezincane ezifana namaqabunga e-lotus. Lesi sakhiwo esincane senza amaconsi amanzi akhe ubuhlalu ebusweni bezinto futhi aguqe ngokushesha, ngesikhathi esifanayo athwale uthuli nokungcola, ngaleyo ndlela afeze umphumela wokuzihlanza.

Izinto Ezibolayo

Emphakathini wanamuhla, izinselele zemvelo zinzima, kanti ukungcola okuqhubekayo kusongela imvelo. Ngaphakathi kwensimu yezinto zokwakha,izinto ezibolayoziye zathola ukunakwa okukhulu njengezixazululo eziqhubekayo, zibonisa izinzuzo eziyingqayizivele kanye nenani elikhulu lokusetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kwendawo yezinto ze-polymeric.

Emkhakheni wezokwelapha, izinto ezibolayo zidlala indima ebalulekile. Isibonelo, izithungo ezisetshenziselwa ukuvala inxeba zivame ukwenziwa ngezinto ezibolayo ze-polymer. Lezi zinto zibola kancane kancane ngesikhathi senqubo yokuphulukisa inxeba, zisusa isidingo sokususwa futhi zinciphise ukungakhululeki kwesiguli kanye nezingozi zokutheleleka.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-polymer abola asetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlelweni zobunjiniyela bezicubu kanye nokulethwa kwezidakamizwa. Asebenza njengezicabha zamaseli, enikeza ukwesekwa kwesakhiwo sokukhula kwamaseli kanye nokulungiswa kwezicubu. Lezi zinto ziyawohloka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngaphandle kokushiya izinsalela emzimbeni, ngaleyo ndlela kugwenywe izingozi ezingaba khona empilweni.

Emkhakheni wokupakisha, izinto ezibolayo zinamandla amakhulu okusetshenziswa. Ukupakisha kwepulasitiki yendabuko kunzima ukubola, okuholela ekungcoleni okumhlophe okuqhubekayo. Imikhiqizo yokupakisha eyenziwe ngama-polymer abolayo, njengezikhwama zepulasitiki namabhokisi, ibola kancane kancane ibe izinto ezingenangozi ngesenzo samagciwane ezindaweni zemvelo ngemva kokusetshenziswa, okunciphisa ukungcola okuqhubekayo. Isibonelo, izinto zokupakisha ze-polylactic acid (PLA) zinikeza izakhiwo ezinhle zomshini nezokucubungula ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo eziyisisekelo zokupakisha ngenkathi zibolayo, okwenza zibe enye indlela efanelekile.

Izinto ezisetshenziswayo

Ekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo kwesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo, izinto ezibonakalayo zivele njengendawo yokucwaninga nokusetshenziswa ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo ezihlukile kanye nekhono lokulawula izinto ngezinga elincane kakhulu. Ziphinde zibambe isikhundla esibalulekile emkhakheni wezinto ezibonakalayo ze-polymer. Ngokulawula izinto ezibonakalayo esikalini esincane, lezi zinto zibonisa izakhiwo ezihlukile ezilungele ukwenza iminikelo ebalulekile kwezokwelapha, amandla, kanye ne-elekthronikhi.

Emkhakheni wezokwelapha, izakhiwo eziyingqayizivele zezinto ezisetshenziswayo zinikeza amathuba amasha okuxilonga nokwelapha izifo. Isibonelo, izinto ezithile ze-nanopolymer zingaklanywa njengezimoto zokulethwa kwemithi eziqondiwe. Lezi zithwali ziletha imithi ngqo kumaseli agulayo, zithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokwelapha ngenkathi zinciphisa umonakalo ezicutshini ezinempilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto ezisetshenziswayo zisetshenziswa ekufomeni kwezokwelapha—ama-nanoscale contrast agents, isibonelo, athuthukisa ukucaca nokunemba kwezithombe, esiza odokotela ekuxilongeni izifo ngendlela enembile.

Emkhakheni wamandla, ama-nanomaterial abonisa amandla amakhulu ngokufanayo. Thatha ama-nanocomposites e-polymer, isibonelo, athola ukusetshenziswa kubuchwepheshe bebhethri. Ukufaka ama-nanomaterial kungandisa ubuningi bamandla ebhethri kanye nokusebenza kahle kokushaja/ukukhipha, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza okuphelele. Kumaseli elanga, ama-nanomaterial athile angathuthukisa ukumuncwa kokukhanya kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa, kukhuphule amandla okukhiqiza amandla amadivayisi e-photovoltaic.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezisetshenziswa kuma-nanomaterial nakho kukhula ngokushesha kuma-elekthronikhi. Izinto ezisetshenziswa kuma-polymer ama-nanoscale zivumela ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye ezincane ze-elekthronikhi ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Isibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwama-nanotransistors kuvumela ukuhlanganiswa okukhulu nokusebenza okusheshayo kumadivayisi kagesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto ezisetshenziswa kuma-nanomaterial zenza kube lula ukudalwa kwezinto ezisetshenziswa kuma-elekthronikhi eziguquguqukayo, kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezikhulayo zamadivayisi kagesi aphathekayo nagobekayo.

Ngokufigqiwe

Ukuthuthuka kwalezi zinto ngeke kuqhubekisele phambili ukusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe kuphela kodwa futhi kuzohlinzeka ngamathuba amasha okubhekana nezinselele zomhlaba wonke kwezamandla, imvelo kanye nempilo.